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Mixed government, also known as a mixed constitution, defines a constitution in which the form of government is a combination of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy, making impossible their respective degenerations (anarchy, oligarchy and tyranny).〔(Polibio, Storie )〕 The idea was popularized during classical antiquity in order to describe the stability, the innovation and the success of the Republic as developed within the Roman Constitution. It is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers because in such a system some issues are decided by many (democracy), some other issues by few (aristocracy), and some other issues by a single person (monarchy). Unlike classical democracies, aristocracies, and monarchies, a mixed government is ruled by elected citizens rather than inherited or sorted (at the Greco-Roman time, sortition was conventionally regarded as the principal characteristic of Classical democracy). The concept of a mixed government was studied during the Renaissance and the Age of Reason, by Machiavelli, Vico, Kant, Hobbes and others. It was, and is, a very important theory among supporters of Republicanism. Various schools have described modern democracies, such as the EU and the US, as mixed governments with mixed constitutions. ==Ancient Greek philosophers== Plato in his book ''The Republic'' divided governments into five basic types (Four being existing forms and one being Plato's ideal form, which exists "only in speech"): *democracy: government by the many *oligarchy: government by the few *timocracy: government by the honored or valued *tyranny: government by one for himself *aristocracy: government by the best (Plato's ideal form of government) He found flaws with all existing forms of government and thus concluded that aristocracy, which emphasizes virtue and wisdom, is the purest form of government. Aristotle largely embraced Plato's ideas and in his ''Politics'' three types (excluding timocracy) are discussed in detail. Aristotle considers constitutional government (a combination of oligarchy and democracy under law) the ideal form of government, but he observes that none of the three are healthy and that states will cycle between the three forms in an abrupt and chaotic process known as the kyklos or anacyclosis. In his ''Politics'' he lists a number of theories of how to create a stable government. One of these options is creating a government that is a mix of all three forms of government. Polybius argued that most states have a government system that is composed of "more than one" of these basic principles, which then was called a mixed government system.〔Heinrich August Winkler (2012), ''Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert'', Third Edition, Munich (Germany), ISBN 978-3-406-59235-5, p. 179〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「mixed government」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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